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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS". 



UNITED STATES (: .-IMEEICA. 



rKL 



PRIMER 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE, 



BOSTON OPTICAL WOEKS. 



BY 

EPHRAIM CUTTER, M. D., 

Member of the Philosophical Society of GtReat Britain, Americak 
Institute of Micrologt, etc. 



•J/ 

Copyright, 1879, by 9mmmmmmmmmm. .^ ^ C^i/Kl^^ 



-^HT^'^^ 



BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED BY CHARLES STODDER, 

131 Devonshire Street. 

1879. 



iPrice Fifty Cents.2 



a'- 



6'f7 



V 



THE PRIMER 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE. 

(Made at the Boston Optical Works.) 

By EPHRAIM CUTTER, M. D., Boston, Mass. 

[Copyright Reserved.] 



Prelude. — Believing tliat micrograpliic {fitKpo^, small ; 
Ypdipew^ to write) writers have aimed too high ; that the use 
of this clinical microscope is as easy as a sewing machine ; 
that in a short time instruction in person would suffice with- 
out any book ; but that as this personal instruction is impos- 
sible in most instances, pupils should become as children, 
and learn from the simple printed form of instruction. 

We ignore no good instrument, but confine the teachings 
to this clinical microscope because of its simplicity and suf- 
ficiency for physicians whose duties include travel to the bed- 
side. 

What is a Microscope ? {/Jtifcp6(;, small ; gkotz^Ii^^ to view. 
A tool or instrument for viewing small things. 

What is a Simple Microscope f A single lens or set of lenses 
(bi-convex or plano-convex). 

What is a Compound Microscope P One that has two or 
more sets of lenses, of which one combination comes next 
to the eye, and is called an " eye-piece, ^^ and another set that 
comes next the object, and is called an ^^ohjective." 



CLINICAL MICKOSCOPE PRIMER. 



What is this Clinical Microscope P A compound microscope 
designed for physicians' use at the bedside of the patient. 

Of what parts does it consist ? 
The following: 1. A Jth ob- 
jective. 2. 1-inch eye-piece. 
8. Tube. 4. Cap to eye-piece. 
5. Stand. 6. Stage. 7. Clips. 
8. Stage screw. 9. Coarse 
adjustment. 10. Tine ad- 
justment. 11. Cap of tube. 
Accessories, but essential : 12. 
Slide. 13. Cover. 

jWhat is a Ith-inch Objec- 
tive f The set of lenses next 
the object that magniiies as 
much at ten inches distance 
from its face as a bi- convex 
lens of ith inch focal distance, 
to wdt, 50 diameters. Objec- 
tives are distinguished by na- 
tionalities, makers,^ systems 
and classes. Thus we speak 
of American, English, French 
and German objectives; also 
of Tolles, Spencer, Wales, 
Gundlach, Powell and Leland, 
Smith ana Beck, Hartnach, 
Zeiss, &c., objectives. Also, 
w^e speak of two-system, three-system, four-system objectives, 
according as the compound lenses are two, three, four, &c. 
What classes Objectives f Varies w^ith different makers ; 
with Mr. Eobert B. Tolles (1) angular aperture. (2) Com- 
plexity of structure. (3) Definition and resolving power. 

, What is Angular Aperture ? The angular breadth of the 
pencil of light entering the objective to form the image. A 
great V controversy has been waged on this subject, and it is 
net settled yet. For us, it is only necessary to say that when 
.all the pencil of light, so to speak, enters the objective and 




CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 3 

measures 180 degrees, the "180 degrees" would be called 
the angular aperture; so when the angular breadth of the 
pencil measures 90 degrees, the angular aperture of the ob- 
jective would be called " 90 degrees." A first-class objec- 
tive should have over 160 degrees of angular aperture, and 
an adjustment for cover thickness — that is, arranged so that 
covers of varying thickness may be used, and the objective 
corrected for each thickness by moving the milled ring on 
the objective. A graduated circle renders it possible to 
make a registry of the different covers used, so that by the 
number the proper adjustment may at once be found; also, 
its resolving, penetrating and defining power must be in the 
highest degree of perfection. (Note. — This varies for difier- 
ent objects. A first-class objective may work splendidly on 
one class of objects, and quite poorly on another set of ob- 
jects. A first-class ocean steamer cannot be a first-class river 
boat.) 

What is an Immersion Objective f Where the face of the 
objective is wet with water, glycerine, oil of cloves, &c. 

What is a Dry Objective f It is one where nothing but air 
comes between the cover glass and the objective. 

What is Balsam Angle ? The angle of light coming through 
an object mounted in Canada balsam. First-class objectives 
are usually wet and immersion. 

What is the Working Distance ? This means the distance 
of the objective in focus from the object cover ; sometimes it 
is the 2^^^ th of an inch. 

What is a Second- Cla.^s Objective P One with cover adjust- 
ment, and less than 160 degrees of angular aperture, though 
it is possible to have a first-class objective of less angle. 

A third-class objective has less than 100 degrees of angu- 
lar aperture, three sj^stems of lenses, and no cover adjust- 
ment. This class of objectives is now made with clearness, 
flat field, resolving power and definition amply sufiicient for 
clinical work. Such an one is furnished with this clinical 
microscope. On monetary considerations, it is now unwise 
to refrain from buying a microscope when this instrument 
can be bought for $25. 
^ This Primer is not written for the benefit of those to whom 



4 CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

money for a microscope is of no account. On the contrary, 
it is intended for those who must make the most of the means 
they have at command. 

Hoiv sJiouId you Rate this Objective ? American, Tolles, 3- 
system, 3d-class, dry, not adjustable ; working distance about 
^^^th inch. 

What is a One-Inch Eye-Piece ? It is the one found in this 
microscope, made of two plano-convex lenses — one next the 
eye, called the eye-glass, and the other is called the field- 
glass. When the plane surfaces are next the eye, it is called 
a Huygen's eye-piece. When the convex faces are towards 
each other, it is called a Ramsden eye-piece. 

The terms ''1-inch," "2-inch," }-inch," "J-inch," apply 
loosely to the length of the combination. A 2-inch eye-piece 
magnifies five diameters ; a 1-inch magnifies 10 diameters. 
So that the amplification of the clinical microscope, 50 by 10 
equals 500 diameters, when the standard length of ten inches 
is adopted. The clinical is seven inches in length, hence its 
power is 350 diameters. If so ordered, the clinical can be 
supplied with a draw-tube; i, e., a tube to slip out and into 
the barrel, or it can be made ten inches long at the start. 

Remarks. — Having an objective and an eye-piece, one has 
the necessary elements of a compound microscope. Were 
it possible to hold in the hands the objective, the eye-piece, 
and the object properl}^, observations could be made in mi- 
croscopy. But a tube is necessary to hold the eye-piece at 
one end and the objective at the other, and to cut oiF cross- 
lights, as in a spy-glass. This tube is found in all varieties 
of the compound microscope. In this clinical microscope, 
it is 5 J inches long, and IJ- inches in diameter. The eye- 
piece fits into one end, and the objective screws into the 
other end. Thirty-six threads to the inch is the standard 
" society screw " for objectives adopted by the London Mi- 
croscopical Society and most American societies; so that any 
objective may be used on any stand with this standard thread. 
In case of French and German objectives, adapters are made 
to fit them to the English pattern. 

What is (4) Cap to Eye-Piece ? A simple brass cap to cover 
the eye-glass of the eye-piece for protection. 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 5 

What is (5) the Stand ? A contrivance to hold or stand 
the tube on. In the present case, it consists of a thin tube 
surrounding the barrel of the microscope just described. It 
tits accurately, and should touch the collar on the eye-piece 
end of the barrel. At the other end it projects beyond the 
objective. Here is cut a female screw. Into this iits the 
stage screw, which is a ring slightly bevelled on the inside. 
Into this bevel fits a ring that projects from the under side 
of the stage. 

What is the Stage ? A small platform with a central open- 
mg. In this case it is circular. Its use is to hold the object. 
Its diameter is 2j^th inches ; Jth inch of the periphery is -^^iXi 
inch thick. The inner table is y^gth inch thick — ^this allows 
of a space for the object. 

What are the Clips? Two watch springs, free at one end 
and fastened at the other, with a bar having two pegs that go 
through holes in the stage, for the purpose of holding the 
slide. (Fig. 2.) These complete the clinical stand. Object- 
ives 4-inch to ^^oth-inch Tolles have been used with this stand 
successfully. 

What is the Coarse Adjustment? It is the focussing appa- 
ratus that moves in great (comparative) distances. In this 
clinical microscope it is secured by simply drawing out and 
in the barrel of the microscope inside of the tube of the stand. 

What is the Fine Adjustment? It is the focussing obtained 
by turning the stage on the screw-ring in the end of the 
stand tube. 

What are the Caps? They are two brass covers — one to 
protect the eye-piece, and the other the objective, when out of 
use. The cap of the eye-piece fits on as a tube. The other 
cap has a beveled projection exactly like that of the stage. 
It replaces the stage for portability in the pocket. 

ffow is the Stage Removed? - By simply pulling off. Some- 
times it sticks. It is then best to turn the stage screw, and 
bring the stage sharp against the end of the tube. The le- 
verage of the screw will start it off. The cap is then inserted 
in its place. Sometimes it does not adhere, as owing to a 
fault of construction, the projection is not as long as that of 
the stage. This is the worst feature of the whole instrument. 



C CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

/ 

In this case, I usually put the stage in (not too tight) and 
turn the screw out. Then the stage is pulled off, and the 
cap easily fits, and may be turned close to the tube. When 
the cap sticks, it is removed like the stage, by sharply turn- 
ing against the tube. 

Remarks. — A classmate lately purchased one of these in- 
struments. I failed to communicate how it should be used. 
He removed the stage screw and cap, when he wished to use 
the instrument. He held the object in front of the objective, 
and said he obtained views. This is mentioned only as a 
warning to others, and as a work of supererogation. 

The clinical microscope, with caps on and stage off, is best 
kept in a chamois bag. It can then be carried in a side 
pocket, and the stage in the vest pocket ; or it may be car- 
ried in a satchel with stage on or off. 

As the clinical microscope is intended for bed-side use, it 
has been the aim of the writer to reduce its features to the 
least possible number. But something more than the instru- 
ment is needed, as a microscope without illumination is like 
an engine without steam. 

What is the Light? It is the illumination by which objects 
are viewed under the microscope. 

How many hinds of Light are used? !N^atural and artificial. 
What is meant hy Natural Light as suitable for the Clinical 
Microscope? The following: (1) Ordinary diffused daylight 
in an apartment with one window (preferably). A room 
with more than one window may be used ; but trouble comes 
from cross lights and too much light. (2) Sunlight reflected 
from a white object, as a house, a handkerchief, a garment, 
paper, &c. These make the best white cloud illumination I 
have used. (3) White cloud light. 

What is Artificial Light ? (1) A common coal oil or ker- 
osine flame, such as is used all over the country. This flame, 
used direct, gives the best light for Tolles' ^^ih inch objective 
(2) A wax or paraffine candle. (3) Gas light— the poorest 
of all illuminations. 

Remarks. — The Perkins & House (of Cleveland, Ohio) 
lamp is the best I ever used with the clinical microscope. 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 7 

Mr. Tolles commends the patent mechanical lamp with a 
naked flame. 

What is Direct Light? A light unmodified bj reflection 
or refraction. 

How is the Clinical Microscope used with the Direct Light or 
Reflected Sunlight? By pointing it towards the source of 
light. 

What are some of the reasons of its favor f (1) It was in 
common use 200 years ago. (2) It is efiective ; and (3) Less 
troublesome than reflected light. (4) It saves time. (5) It 
allows of the use of the clinical microscope when the ob- 
server is placed on a lounge, in bed, in railroad cars in mo- 
tion, on ship board — indeed, anywhere that a lamp will 
burn, and the motions are not too violent. The microscope 
and the eye move together. The eye-piece, objective and 
object move together. (6) It does away with the reflecting 
mirror, and thi.s reduces expense and motions of adjustment. 

Of the. Object — What is it f Anything that can be seen 
with the microscope. We confine our remarks to the clini- 
cal microscope for ])revity. There are two classes of objects: 
(1) Transparent, and (2) Opaque. Only class 1 can be used 
with the clinical microscope. In the case of opaque objects, 
sections are made so th..t the light can penetrate through the 
substance, or a minute portion of an object may be obtained 
in any other desirable way. 

What are the Essentials of an Object? (1) To be thin 
enough, (2) spare enough, or (3) separated enough so as to 
let the light permeate or penetrate. Objects of observation 
with the clinical microscope are easy to mount. 

What is Mounting? -A preparation of an object for micro- 
scopic observation, either temporary or permanent, as for a 
collection of objects in a cabinet The latter is a department 
by itself. It consists in preserving the specimen by media, 
that exclude the action of the air, and, as far as possible, inter- 
stitial changes of the object. 

What is Staining? A coloring of the object or portion of 
the object by reagents, for diagnosis and differentiation. This 
art has made wonderful progress of late. (See the systemic 
works.") 



^ CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

What besides the Clinical Microscope and the Illumination 
are necessary for an Observation f (1) A slide. (2) A cover. 
(3) Pipette. (4) A piece of old cotton or linen, and (5) The 
object. 

What is a Slide? According to the London Microscopical 
Society's standard, it is a piece of clear glass 3 x 1 x {-j\) 
inches, with rounded edges ; but the dimensions vary. 




Fig. 2. 

Wliat is a Cover? Usually a square or circular piece of 
thin glass, less than one inch in diameter, and of a thickness 
varying from /oth to ^^th inch. Thickness of covers for 
this microscope iJoth inch. 

How are Slides cleaned? Ordinarily, by washing with water? 
and wiping dry with an old cotton or linen handkerchief. 

Covers require much care, for fear of breaking. After 
soaking, I have found that by moistening with water a small 
surface of a handkerchief, taking the cover gently in the 
moistened fold, then rubbing to and fro with the thumb and 
forefinger, the object is best accomplished. 

Dr. E,. TJ. Piper, of Chicago, has invented a very simple 



CLINICAL MICKOSCOPE PRIMER. 



9 



device, for this purpose. He takes a piece of glass plate 
2x3x -"jjtli inches, and secures on it two thinner plates of glass 
hy balsam or cement, in such a manner that a space like the 
letter Y is formed ; the length of the largest plate is the 
length of the Y. 

It is easy to see how a cover may be cleaned and any 
amount of pressure brought to bear on it without breakage, 
as it is engaged in the Y and held. 

To free slides from covers cemented by blood dried on, 
simply soak over night in cold water. A better plan is to 
clean the slide immediately after use. 

Remarks. — ^For transportation and years of wear, a zinc 
plate box, just sufficient to receive 8 to 10 slides, I have 
found satisfactory. A moist cloth or paper laid in the box 
will keep specimens from drying. Covers mav be carried in 
between the slides. An India rubber band will keep the 
box closed. 

What is a Pipette? A little tube of glass (usually) 6 to 10 

inches in length, and one-eighth 
inch inside diameter. (Fig. 3 — 
Pipettes.) A 'Eo. 5 catheter 
serves well, and does not easily 
break. The pipette is used to 
collect deposits from urine, &c. 
Office Stand of the Cliiiical 
Microscope. — An upright post of 
wood ten inches long by two 
inches square may be set in a 
base, and bored transversely or 
obliquely, so that the opening is 
just large enough to receive the 
tube of the stand, not the micro- 
scope. It may be lined with 
velvet. For use, the barrel with 
the eye-piece and objective 
should be removed; the tube then 
placed in the foramen in the 
post; the barrel is replaced, and the illumination set against 
the objective. Fifty cents would cover the cost. Figure 4 




10 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 



is another device for the same purpose 
form for viewing opaque objects. 



Figure 5 is another 




Fig. 6. 



Fig. 4.— Waddington Stand. 

Having thus given a brief account of the clinical micro- 
scope, it is proposed next to give examples of its use, 30 plain 
that it is hoped the average intelligence can repeat them. 

Example l.^^Hair. — This is a coarse object for the clinical 
microscope ; still its marked characters are so striking, that 
the novice would do well to practise with it. Its size and 
color make it visible long before it comes into focus. An 
easj^^mode of mounting a specimen of hair, for examination, 
is ai follows: Put a small drop of clear water on the Centre 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PKIMER. 11 

of the slide ; then take a small pencil of hair (removed from 
the beard or head) between the left thumb and forefinger. Cut 
the free end off, square, with scissors. Then holding the hair 
over the drop of Tvat^r, cut a section J-inch in length, trans- 
versely. Enough pieces of hair will fall into the drop to 
make an object for practice, when they are covered with a 
covering glass, and the excess of water removed by a bibu- 
lant, such as a blotter or cotton cloth touched to the edge of 
the superfluous drop. When this is done, the slide can be put 
in any position, and the cover will not move, as the capilla- 
rity will hold it close and fixed. The removal of the excess 
of liquid from the object is a necessary procedure in the use 
of this clinical microscope, for obvious reasons. 

The next step is to place the slide, cover towards the ob- 
jective, under the clips of the stage. A hair can then be 
readily brought over the centre of the objective, by observa- 
tion with the naked eye. The facility with which objects 
can be found by this manipulation and holding is a recom- 
mendation of the clinical microscope. It saves time which 
otherwise might be lost. 

Of course, the next thing is to turn the microscope towards 
the illumination — be it dififuse daylight, a w^hite cloud, re- 
flected sunlight, lamp or gas light. The observer gazes 
through the microscope as he would through a telescope — 
holding the barrel with the right hand and the stage with 
the left hand. 

(It is well to have the clipped part of the stage uppermost. 
The left forefinger may be above and the thumb below.) 

It is probable that a faint outline of the hair will be perceiv- 
ed. Holding the stage still (as above), turn the barrel with the 
right hand. If the object becomes more distinct, keep on 
turning till it becomes clearly in focus If, however, the ob- 
ject becomes more dim, turn in the opposite direction until 
the image is clearly seen. This turning backwards and for- 
wards is termed the '' fine adjustment." Look for the cor- 
tical portion of the hair, its imbrications like shingles, its 
medullary portion. ]N'ote the coloring matter, and get a 
general idea of the physical features as one on* picket scruti- 
nizes a "new comer in war times. Move the slide about on 



12 CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

the stage, and bring successive hairs into the field of vision. 
Focus off and on if each hair is not perfectly clear and dis- 
tinct. 

Pluck out a hair by the root, cut it off over water as above 
directed, and then the physical features of the bulb can be 
studied. Study comparatively the hairs of different parts of 
the body, of different races, ages and sexes, of animals and 
insects. Also study the hairs and connected glands of plants. 
These may be obtained by sections of leaves and stems, or by 
wetting leaves in water and then gently scraping off the 
cuticle with a lancet or delicate knife-blade. A portion of 
the pulp is placed on the slide, gently teased out with needles 
or pins, and covered with a cover. Water is added or re- 
moved as may be necessary to make the cover stick; and 
then proceed as with the first case. Many hours and days 
could be profitably occupied in the study of hairs. 

II. — Urinology. — Things needed: microscope, urine (put 
in a clear wineglass or bottle or tumbler), pipette or catheter, 
slide, cover, light, bibulant. 

Suppose we have a case of oxaluria. Having previously 
decanted the clear urine and poured that portion containing 
the deposit into the urine glass, tumbler or bottle, note the 
situation of the deposit. Then holding the pipette between 
the right thumb and middle finger, close the upper end 
tightly with the forefinger. Bring the free end of the pipette 
near to the deposit in the urine, and then remove the fore- 
finger. The hydrostatic pressure forces the deposit into the 
tube ; next re-apply the forefinger. Withdraw the tube, and 
deposit on the middle of the slide owe drop containing the 
sediment. Apply the cover to the drop. If the amount of 
liquid is rightly gauged, the capillary attraction will cause 
the cover to adhere, so that the slide can be turned in any 
direction, and the cover will not slip. If the cover does slip, 
absorb the excess of fluid by touching the edge of the cover 
with a blotter or dry cloth. The specimen is then ready for 
examination. Proceed, as in the case of the hairs, after 
bringing the. deposit over the centre of the object, as near as 
possible. 

Bemarks. — Be sure the barrel of the microscope is pushed 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 13 

hc^ie against the tube of the stand. In the case of a delicate 
object hke this, it is a good plan to turn the stage quite near 
to the objective; and then in focussing, it is only necessary 
to turn the stage off. 

On having mastered the hair demonstration, the novice 
had better take oiF the specimen, when in focus, and prepare 
the urinary deposit, with the same slide and coyer. Having 
accomplished this, the object comes into focus almost at once. 
There is, then, an advantage in the use of the same slide and 
cover for many examinations. 

If oxalate of lime is present, beautiful and characteristic 
octahedral crystals will pjainly appear. Once seen, they will 
not afterwards need identification. 

Note. — It sometimes happens with such transparent objects 
as oxalate of lime, that the focussing is difficult. If so, move 
the slide so that the edge of the cover comes in the centre of 
the field. Focus it clear, and then move the deposit to the 
centre of the objective's face, and it will be readily focussed. 
Also, there is usually too much light with the clinical 
microscope. If so, the observer may retreat away from it, 
or darken the room by day time, so as to cut off cross lights. 
Triple Phosphates (ammonia and magnesia). — These appear 
in large white and transparent crystals — common and harm- 
less. Bright's disease — Urine coagulated by heat and nitric 
acid, large cylindrical bodies (casts), fattily degenerated epi- 
thelium, granular detritus, etc. 

Ague plants. — These float in flocks halfway down the col- 
umn of liquid. Under the microscope, they appear as circu- 
lar bodies with double periphery enclosing a clear interspace, 
with a central granular of green or red contents. (Species 
of Palmellae, described by Salisbury, see American Journal 
Med. Sciences^ 1866 ; Revue Seientifique, 'Nov. 1869.) 

(For other pathological bodies, see the systemic works.) 
Remarks. — The following foreign substances, to be classed 
as dirt, are found in urine: Cotton, silk, linen and other 
fibres of textile fabrics, feathers, silica, woody fibres, bast, 
pitted cells, etc, yeast plants, and often fungi, etc. 

Bacteria and Vihriones. — Keep urine for a few days until 
it stinks. Put a drop under the cover, removing the excess 



14 CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

with a bibulant. Examined under the microscope, number- 
less minute swarming threads or rods, combined with dots, 
all in protoplasmic motion, will be clearly seen. If it is de- 
sired to amplify them more, attach to the stand a tube of 10 
inches length, of pasteboard or of brass, whose diameter is 
sufficient to receive the eye-piece at one end, and at the other 
end to fit the barrel or tube of the microscope. Thus a 
greater distance of the eye-piece from the object is obtained, 
and consequently an enlargement of the object, on the prin- 
ciple of shadows lengthening as their course is removed from 
the source of light. 

Note. — Bacteria are often confoufided with the spores of 
entophytal [evroa within; (porov^ life or being) alg?e and 
fungi. This department needs study more than any other, 
as there is so much difference of opinion amongst authori- 
ties. It is probably true that bacteria are mixed with the 
spores of the vegetation — for example, of a yeast in the case 
of the fetid putrefactive fermentative vegetation. In place 
of exhaling carbonic acid gas, they give off sulpho-hydric 
acid gas and other gases, possibly phospho-hydric ; so that 
bacteria do not form all the bodies found in fetid urine. 
They are mingled with the spores of other vegetations in 
the same way £ls in a phanerogamous forest all the trees 
are not of the same species. 

Urinological evidence must always be taken in connection 
with the rational and physical signs accompanying. At 
present, the urine receives more attention than any other ex- 
cretion or tissue. There are others equally and more impor- 
tant. 

To give anything like a complete idea of urinoscopy is 
out of the question. (See Beale's Microscope in Medicine ; 
also, Richardson k Wyeth on the Microscope.) The following 
list of substances to be found in urine is taken from Beale, 
in addition to those already named: 1. Starches of difierent 
grains. 2. Fragments of tea leaves, spiral tissue and paren- 
chyma. 3. Oil from catheter, milk or butter. 4. Mustard, 
cheese, potato skin, fruits. (These the student should study 
and know away from urine.) 5. Uric acid. 6. Cystine. 7. 
Carbonate of lime. 8. Sarcin^ (found at Fresh Pond and 



CLINICAL MIcnOSCOPE PRIxMER. 15 

a lagoon at Oak Bluffs, Mass.). 9. Spermatozoa. 10. Casts 
of the seminal tubes. 11. Dumb-bell crystals of the oxalate 
of lime. 12. Casts of uriniferous tubes — -epithelial, waxy, 
fatty, granular. 13. Chyle. 14. Urates. 15. Phosphate of 
lime. 16. Cancer cells, exudation corpuscles. 17. Small 
organic globules (Golcling-Bird). 18. Granular matter, &c. 
III. Mouth. This is a handy site for microscopic investiga- 
tion. Take a clean slide and cover; gently scrape the upper 
surface of the tongue with the cover itself or with a knife 
blade, collecting only a small drop of not more than \ inch 
longest diameter ; place the cover with the drop on the slide, 
or deposit a drop from the blade on the slide, covering 
as before. If properly managed, the cover will adhere 
to the slide, and it can be put in any position. Place 
this prepared slide on the stage and focus as described be- 
fore. The following objects should be seen if the observa- 
tion is made before or sometime after a meal, which scours 
off the tongue rapidly. 1. Epithelial Cells. — These are flat, 
wrinkled, irregularly squared bodies, with a nucleus or spot 
within. Sometimes there are two. ^ They line the mouth, 
cover the tongue, and are found on all the mucous surfaces 
of the body (see systemic works). 2. Globes filled with 
granules actively moving with protoplasmic motions; also 
containing nuclei.^ These are mucous corpuscles with -the 
famous Brunonian movements. They are a good test for an 
objective. To bring out well the dancing movements of the 
minute points is also a good test of the observer's powers. 
It would be Avell to lengthen out the tu])e as just described. 

3. Filaments of an Alga. — Some call it a fungus vegetation 
that grows harmlessly with its host. .. The filaments are very 
delicate and subtile. It is known as the leptothrix buccalis. 

4. Masses of Spores which may or may not belong to the lep- 
tothrix. 6. Some of the papillce of the tongue. 6. Vegeta- 
tions about the teeth from decaying particles of retained food. 
7. Foreign substances, etc. 

Mouth in Disease. — Aphthoe are examined by scraping off 
some portion of the white pellicle and depositing on a slide. 
It is then covered. If there is not enough moisture to hold 
on the cover, a small drop of water placed on the periphery 



16 CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

will penetrate "anderneath tlie cover and hold it by attrac- 
tion. If the specimen does not show filaments, spores and 
sporangia (spore cases), it may be from the fact that it is not 
teased apart enough. A layer of too great thickness can be 
thinned by tearing into small shreds by pins or needles. So, 
also, can the membrane in croup, or diphtheria, etc., be 
studied. 

Sputa embrace not only the discharges from the mouth, 
but also from the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial 
tubes. The productions of so large a territory with thous- 
ands of glandular structures, furnish a collection motley in 
disease. We name some : 1. Clear, structureless mucus, in 
which the form elements float. 2. Epithelial cells — pave- 
ment, cylindrical and ciliated. 3. Mucous cells, protoplas- 
mic, and usually undergoing the amoeboid (amoeba means 
changing) movements. They appear in all sorts of weird, 
bizarre shapes, found best in acute bronchitis and catarrh. 
4. Blood in pneumonitis and hsemoptysis. 6. Curling spiral 
pulmonary tissue (phthisis). 6. Fungi — vegetative mycelial 
[fiuKo^^ mushroom) filaments, spores, sporangia. 7. Foreign 
substances inhaled in the air. 8. Calculi of the lung (Salis- 
bury). 9. Asthmatos ciliaris in contagious colds. (See Va. 
Med. Monthly, I^ov., 1878, and April, 1879.) 

Nasal excretion contains mucous cells, concretions of more 
or less solidity, pus, blood, ciliated and non-ciliated epithe- 
lium, dirt, asthmatos ciliaris, vegetative filaments, pollen 
(hay-asthma), etc. The tears are remarkably free from any 
form elements ; but in the contagious colds, the asthmatos 
ciliaris is found in the thick, ocular excretion by Salisbury. 
Epithelium, pus and blood are found in ophthalmi^e. Cata- 
ract is a good object on which to study fa:ty degeneration. 
I have found the fibres a darkly- outlined, rough substance, 
granular, very much different from the clear hyaline fibres 
seen in health. 

Ears. — Place the cerumen on a slide, with or without w^ater 
or glycerine. In the amorphous substance, crystals of cho- 
lesterine, fungi, pus and blood are found. A drop of miln^ 
placed on the slide and treated as described above, show^s a 
field full of globules of fat, all molecularly dancing and 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER, 17 

tumbling about in ceaseless motions. These are physical, 
not protoplasmic, movements. If the specimen be taken in 
the first flow of milk, the colostrum corpuscles will be seen 
as large, aggregated, compound globules. 

3Iilk should present no foreign bodies. Swill milk pre- 
sents such (Piper). Vegetations are readily developed in 
milk by keeping. It is an instructive study to examine milk 
often until it is soured. A few comparative examinations of 
milk of known purity will serve as a standard by which to 
judge the morphology of diseased or suspected milk. A mi- 
croscopical should always go with a chemical analysis of milk. 
We a;re much indebted to the labors of Dr. Piper, of Chicago, 
for light in this direction. 

Vaginal discharges furnish a field for the microscope. A 
drop is deposited as described. Cancer may be thus at times 
determined. 

The detection of parasites, the establishment of virility of 
tbe husband in sterile marriages, the detection of syphilitic 
and gonorrhoeal vegetations, the presence of spermatozoa in 
a case of rape, would be of value. 

Fceces. — This is an extensive but not well -cultivated field. 
Macroscopic should precede the microscopic examination. 
A small piece of wood (toothpick) serves to deposit a minute 
portion on the slide ; the cover holds usually without aid. 
Among the things to be seen are the eggs of intestinal 
worms — fermentative vegetations — epithelial cells in various 
stages of development (cholera). The best dissections of the 
spiral tissues of plants are obtained from the fseces by stir- 
ring up with water. Dr. Salisbury has cultivated this repul- 
sive field, and is the best expert in this department that the 
writer knows of 

The Skin is a fruitful field of study. It may be wet with 
water and then rubbed with a knife blade, for example, and 
the collected drop may be mounted on the slide ; or the scum 
of a bath-tub, after a bath without soap, may be 'studied. 
The following may be looked for : 1. Epithehum without 
nucleus. 2. Itch insects. 3. Fungi of skin diseases. 4. 
Foreign substances from the clothing, sweat and atmosphere, 
cryptogamic spores and filaments, cotton, silk, linen, woolen 
2 



18 CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

and woody fibres, hairs, salts from sweat, starcli grains, cys- 
tine, fat and fat acids from the sebaceous glands, sand, smoke 
products, coal dust, harvest bugs, ticks and other insects, 
vegetations of boils and carbuncles, bloody sweat, come- 
dones, etc. 

The study of histology belongs rather to the anatomist 
and the dissecting room. Still the clinician may study the 
characters of tumors, outgrowths, the contents of cysts, ab- 
scesses, etc., which are relieved by aspiration. It is easy to 
see the form elements of ovarian and fibro-cystic tumors. A 
drop, treated as before directed, will furnish a field. Though 
time has not verified Drysdale's ovarian corpuscle and Gluge's 
compound cells as diagnostic, still their characters are well 
worth studying. For making thin sections of tissues, they 
may be set in wax, paraifine or tallow, and cut with a well- 
sharpened razor — Seller's cutter recommended. 

The clinician should know the morphology of the air of 
respiration found in crowded rooms, ill-ventilated apartments, 
shops, hospitals, of districts infected with disease (contagious 
or not), of court rooms, of ague districts, of ships, prisons, of 
school rooms, of sewers, etc. 

Methods. — 1, Simple exposure of slides smeared with gly- 
cerine in the apartments named. 2. Arrange a funnel on a 
vane, so that the wind ^vill always blow through the nose on 
to the slide placed against it 3. Aspiration by air sucked 
or blown over or agaiin t the prepared slide. 4. Fill a glass 
bottle or other vessel with a mixture of salt and ice. *i^ An ex- 
amination of the drops of water that collect on the outside 
will furnish some of the forms of matter that float in the at- 
mosphere. 5. Blow^ air through cotton fibre, which remark- 
ably arrests foreign aerial bodies; examine the cotton directly, 
or wash it with water that is known to be free from forms of 
life or mineral matter, or with which the observer is familiar. 
It should never be forgotten that air is food, and should be 
pure. 

-»> Vegetable Food. — /S'/iarcA.— Scrape a small portion of the 
pulp of a comm.on potato. Place it on a slide; add a minute 
drop of water; cover, and treat as before described. The 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 19 

beautiful grains of starcli will clearly appear. Once seen, 
their form cannot be forgotten by the careful observer. 

Wheat — Place a drop of water on a slide ; stir in a minute 
portion of flour ; rub with the flat surface of a common case 
knife into a uniform mixture ; then examine with the mi- 
croscope. The forms of the starch grains will be seen to 
vary much from those found in the potato. The same 
processes applied to rye, oat, corn (maize), barley, sago, 
tapioca, etc., will give a clear idea of starch and amyloid 
bodies. In case the cellulose coverings of wheat are ex- 
amined as found in real Graham flour, dark cells, set like 
bricks m mortar, are the so-called " gluten cells," on which 
so much stress is rightly laid as being true nerve food. The 
changes that occur in cooking is strikingly shown in beans. 
One has only to make a section of the bean before cooking 
and compare it with a portion of the same after baking, for 
example, to satisfy himself on this point. This list might 
be extended indefinitely ; but it is believed that enough has 
been indicated to show how much work can be done with 
this simple clinical microscope by the practical man. 

With a brief allusion to the examination of the blood we 
close. The clinical examination of blood is a matter of great 
importance. The profession is indebted to Dr. J. H. Salisbury 
for opening up a new physical means of diagnosis by the in- 
spection of the blood under the microscope. The field is so 
new that some find it easier to ignore it rather than to study 
it in detail. I am not prepared to say that everything that 
Dr. Salisbury has pointed out (some 67 states, conditions and 
products) are just as he describes ; but I can say that in every- 
thing he has attempted to point out to me, personally, in 
the course of 12 years, he has succeeded in doiug. I think 
I am doing no wrong to ask the profession to attend to what 
I have to say and to show, especially as I state nothing but 
what I believe to be the truth, and have demonstrated, to 
my own satisfaction if not to others. ( Vide "Blood Exami- 
nations," by Dr. SaUsbury; published by Moorhead, Bond 
& Co., l^ew York, 1868. Also, a paper on the Morphology 
of Diseased Blood. Southern Olinic, March, 1879.) 

Preliminaries. — It is necessary to have the patient, the mi- 



20 CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 

croscope, the light, the means of withdrawal of the blood (a 
lancet — spring lancet — the scarificatorof the writer, a needle, 
which is not the best thing) all together. There is no such 
thino; as taking^ the blood home to examine. The chan:i:es 

CD !^ CD 

are so rapid that most of the important ones disappear in 
ten minutes time. Still, after these are gone, many valuable 
points remain to be looked for. 

Kind of Blood. — The capillary — not the venous nor arte- 
rial. 

Site of Withdrawal. — On the radial edge of the forearm be- 
tween the wrist and elbow. The skin should be clean and 
free from hair. If dirty, wash with soap suds or ammonia 
water. 

Note. — It is well that the beginners should study the skin 
surface, dirt and epithelium, before looking at the blood. 
Take the patient's forearm in the hand and make the skin 
tense in the interval between the thumb and forefinger. A 
quick puncture is then made about one-eighth of an inch 
deep. The tension of the grip will squeeze out a' drop of 
blood. The size of the drop should bear a direct relation to 
the size of the cover. If of the right size, the blood will 
diffuse itself uniformly between the cover and slide. The 
cover will not slip. If there is too little blood, the corpus- 
cles will become crenated — that is, wrinkled from a sort of 
protoplasmic action induced by too much dryness in the space 
about the blood. If there is too much, the superfluity will 
float the cover about ; there will be too much thickness of 
the film, and it will crowd the red corpuscles so much as to 
render them indistinguishable. The excess must be removed 
by a bibulant. Very much depends on handling the drop of 
blood rightly. When the drop evenly diff'uses itself, it is 
presumed that the film is about uniform in thickness, so that 
one can judge somewhat as to the comparative number of 
corpuscles in each specimen. The process of transferring 
the blood should not take but a few seconds of time ; a frac- 
tion should be sufiicient. 

Of course, the slide and cover should be previously clean- 
ed, and also the microscope should be free from dirt and in 
focus, as after a previous use. If the blood specimen is 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 21 

quickly placed on the stage, it will be in focus at once, and 
the rapid movements, changes, and morphological elements 
will be visible. 

The novice had better scrutinize carefully everything he 
sees — not caring whether he knows the name ol the object 
or not. The following is the Salisbury plan : 

For our purpose, we will divide the field into three divi- 
sions. (1.) The colored corpuscles. (2.) The colorless cor- 
puscles. (3.) Serum. 

"Note the following about the red corpuscles: (i.) In 
normal proportion. (2.) In excess. (3.) In diminished 
quantity. (4.) ]N"ormal consistence. (5.) Too soft, plastic, 
and sticky; adhering together and being drawn out in 
thread-like prolongations. (6.) l!^ummulated, like rolls of 
coin. (7.) ^ot nummulated. (8.) Evenly and loosely scat- 
tered over the field. (9.) Slightly grouped. (10.) In irreg- 
ular, compact masses. (11.) In ridges. (12.) Holding firmly 
the coloring matter, yet soft and plastic. (13.) High-colored, 
smooth and even in outline, hard and rigid. (14.) Allowing 
the coloring matter to escape freely, obscuring their outlines. 
(15.) Mammilated. 

As to colorless corpuscles, note if they are (1) In normal pro- 
portion. (2) In too small quantity. (3) In excess. (4) 'Nor- 
n:al in quantity, sticky and plastic, endangering the formation 
of thrombi and emboli. (5) Eagged and broken down. (6) 
In excess ragged and broken. (7) In excess, smooth and 
even. (8) Containing vacuoles. (9) Containing vegeta- 
tions that distend them to an enormous size. 

As to serur)i, note (1) Too little. (2) Too much. (3) for- 
mal. Also, the following foreign matters : 1. Minute grains 
and ragged masses of black, blue, brown or yellow pigment. 
2. Fat. 3. Amyloid matter. 4. Broken-down parent cells. 
5. Thrombi of fibrin, filled or not with granular or crystal- 
line matters. 6. Thrombi of algse spores. 7. Thrombi of 
algse filaments. 8. Algse filaments and spores without ag- 
gregation. 9. Fungi spores. 10. Fungi filaments. 11. Ox- 
alate of lime. 12. Crystine. 13. Phosphates. 14. Stelline. 
15.^ Stellurine. 16. Granules and crystals of a miscella- 
neous character. 17. Conchoidine. 18. Pigmentine. 19. 



99 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 



Euciiie. 20. Creatine. 21. Uric acid and urates. 22. In- 
osite. 23. Zymotosis regularis spores. 24. Zymotosis regu- 
laris mycelial filaments. 25. Entophyticus hfematicus spores. 
26. Spores of mycelial filaments. 27. Penicillum quadrili- 
dum spores and mycelial filaments. 28. Penicillum botrytis 
infestans. 

To cite a specific example, take syphilis (see American 
Journal Medical Sciences^ April, 1867) : If the novice takes 
a well-marked case in the later stages, and collects the blood 
as designated, he will find that the white, corpuscles are en- 
larged and distended with the entophytal growths ; also, 
some cylindrical, smooth, uniform, clubbed at the ends, my- 
celial filaments of crypta syphilitica, which are copper-col- 
ored when slightly turned off from the focus ; also, if the 
light is good, small spots will appear in profusion, which 
must be distinguished from globules of fat, that are copper- 
colored, and have the protoplasmic movements of ordinary 
spores, to wit. : they dance about in the serum spaces ; and 
besides, their lateral movements, which might be taken for 
physical motions, they locomote often, moving by each other 
in opposite directions. Also, they may be seen to dissipate 
under the eye and be lost to the vision. Moreover, they are 
seen inside the white corpuscles to be of a red color. I have 
found the copper-colored spores and enlarged white corpus- 
cles in all cases that I have examined. The filaments are 
not so readily found. Whatever else may be said of this 
diagnosis, I can say for myself that I have found it invalua- 
ble in my own practical experience. I have been able thus 
to treat cases that otherwise w^ould have baified me. I don't 
think that the value of this physical exploration can be too 
highly estimated. 

The Pre-Emholic State. — (See Chicago MedicalJournal, Feb., 
1879.) If the blood of a rheumatic is examined often, there 
are found, according to Dr. Salisbury [American Journal Med- 
ical Sciences^ October, 1867, page 350), microscopic thrombi 
(Figure 5, page 376, ut supra). The nucleus of these is a 
collection of white corpuscles, a collection of crystals, &c. 
They form skeins like a sailor's fancy coil of rope, or masses 
irregularly rounded and pointed, like a boy's A kite. JSTow 



CLINICAL MICROSCOPE PRIMER. 23 

these thrombi, of a microscopic character, are found in the 
blood long before there are any signs of embolism. They 
are quite large and easily distinguished. The attention of 
the novice is directed to this as an important point in all re- 
spects. 

Rheumathm., — (See American Journal Medical Sciences^ 
October, 1867.) 

Ague. — (See American Journal Medical iSciences, October^ 
1866.) To collect the ague plants in the natural habitat, I 
have found an easy task. During the month of August, visit 
an ague locality; examine the surface of earth that has been 
spaded up within a month ; note the fine white dust, as if the 
earth had been sprinkled with fine salt. Take a minute por- 
tion of this dust; place it in a slide; add a drop of water; 
rub up with a knife-blade, cover, absorb the excess with a 
bibulant, and then place under the microscope. The field 
will be found swarming with millions of spores. These are 
small, minute dots, that dance w^ith ceaseless motions to and 
fro, .here and there, yet never jostling each other. If this 
motion is compared with that found in milk, the difference 
will be seen betw^een the molecular motions and the proto- 
plasmic. Scattered here and there, will be seen round bodies 
like a coin, twdce the size of a red blood corpuscle, with an 
outer wall next a clear space, then another wall and next the 
protoplasmic contents. These are fully described in the 
American Journal Medical Sciences {loco citato). If the ob- 
server wall scrape a very minute portion of the soft, spongy, 
sometimes greenish, surface of the banks of some streams in 
the ague districts, he will secure some fine specimens of the 
plants Dr. Salisbury has so w^ell described. Be not discour- 
aged if you don't get them at first. 

Allow me to relate a bit of my own experience. Soon 
after Dr. Salisbury's paper appeared, I wrote to him to send 
me some earth. He did so. I labored on it for some tirhe, 
but without getting a single specimen. I inferred that I was 
w^rong — not the author. So I went 700 miles and carried a 
box of the earth, to have the discoverer show me, in person, 
just how he collected the plants. He took my box and, in a 
few seconds, displayed the forms under the microscope just 



24 Clinical miceoscopb primi:h. 

as be had described. My trouble was that I took too large 
a quantity of material. 

In thus confessing my own incompetency, and its speedy 
disappearance under the eye of the master, the writer would 
like to suggest to those who should follow the procedures 
that I have laid down in this primer, and should not succeed, 
that the trouble must not be laid to the writer too strongly, 
as the printed page is but a poor substitute for the kinder- 
garten mode of instruction. As long as the writer cannot 
be favored with the personal presence of the pupils, he has 
done the best he could. 

In closing, allow me to say that Dr. Salisbury, after de- 
monstrating the presence of the plants in the soil, showed to 
me afterwards the plants in the blood of a patient (the blood 
was drawn in my presence), in the urine, and in the sputa. 

Having much exceeded the limits of my primer, I must 
close by saying that the presentation has been, of necessity, 
very laconic and brief. Perhaps it may answer as a fit step 
for some mind in the profession who is in earnest in his bat- 
tles with disease, I hope that the microscope may not be 
relegated to the younger members of our profession alone. 
It is an instrument for old age. Ehrenburg worked with 
his microscope up to a few days of his death. The focussing 
accommodates the defects of vision. Moreover, it is a com- 
fort and a solace to an aged physician to quietly explore the 
mysteries of the unseen world he has been dealing with ma- 
croseopically during a long and laborious life. May it 
be a good preparation for that endless life where we shall no 
longer see through a glass darkly ! 

Tremont Temple, 18T9. 



POSTSCRIPT. 



This primer is merely a prelude to the systematic Trorks. So is the Clinical Microscope. 
When this has been mastered the student may essay either the student's stand (see cut No. 1) 
or the magnificent B stand of Tolles (see cut No. 2). 




No. 1. 



No. 2. 



Tlie following works are recommended and for sale by CHAKILES 
STODDER: — 

Micrographic Dictionarj' $21 00 

Carpenter on the Microscope 5 00 

Hogg 3 00 

Frey, Microscopical Technology 4 00 

Newcomh, Popular Astronomy 4 00 

Subscriptions received for the following Periodicals: — 

Journal Royal Microscopical Society, London, bimonthly 6 00 

Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science * 5 00 

Journal Queckct Microscopical Club (irregular) , per ntmiber 40 

Science Grossip, London, monthly, contains articles on Microscopy 1 50 

Cincinnati Medical News, monthly, has a Microscopical Department 2 00 

American Monthly Microscopical Journal 1 00 



TO THE FOLLOWING GENTLEMEN 



C^is Work b g^bicatttr : 



Dr. JAMES H. SALISBURY, 

Cleveland, Ohio. 
Dr. GEORGE B. HARRIMAN, 

94 Tremont Street, Boston. 
Dr. LOUIS ELSBERG, 

Girt 6th Avenue, 2^ew York. 
Dr. W. R. WEISAGER, 

Manchester, Va. 



Dr. R. U. piper, 

Chicago, III. 
Dr. a. W. ^YHITLN-G, 

Canton, Ohio. 
Prof. PAULUS F. REINS CH, 

Erlangen, Prussia. 
Dr. E. M. STEESE, 

Brookline, 3Iass. 



Mr. G. D. smith, 394 Washington Street, Boston. 

MY ASSOCIATES IK THS 

AMEBIC AK mSTITUTE OF MICBOLOGY. 

WHICH HAS BEEN ORGANIZED 
TO FOUND 

A NEW SCHOOL OF THE MICROSCOPE. 



Lists of the "Works of these Authors to Ju-ly, 1878. 



PuMi^lied Wofk^ k^l ?kj)ei^^ 



J. H. SALISBURY, A. M., M. D. 



1. Analysis of Fruits, Vegetables and Grains. N. Y. State Geological Reports. 1847-48-49. 

2. Prize Essay. — Chemical Investigations of the Maize P. ant in its various stages of growth, 

with tlie temperature of the soil at various depths, and that of trees in diifereiit seasor^s of 
the year. 206 pages. State Agricultural Reports of N. Y. and Ohio. 1849. 

3. Chemical Analysis of Five Varieties of the Cabbage. 1850. 

4. Rheum rhaponticum. Chemical examination of the various parts of the Plant. 1850. 

5. Chemical Examination of Rumex crispus. 1855. 

6. Experiments and Observatiou on the luflueuce of Poisons and Medicinal Agents upon 

Plants. 1851. 

7. Chemical Examination of the Fruit of five (5) varieties of Apples. 1850. 

8. Chemical Investigations connected with the Tomato, the Fruit of the Egg Plant, and Pods of 

the Okra. 1851. 

9. History, Culture and Composition of Apium graveolens and Cichorium intibus. 1851. 

10. Some Facts and Remarks on the Indigestibility of Food. 1852. 

11. Compositions of Grains, Vegetables and Fruits. Ohio State Agricultural Reports. 1861. 

12. Microscopic Researches, resulting in the discovery of what appears to be the cause of the 

so-called "Blight" in Apple, Pear, and Quince Trees, and tlie decay in their fruit; and the 
discovery of the cause of the so-ca.\\ed *^ Blister ajid Curl" in the leaves of Peach Trees; 
with some observations on the development of the Peach Fungus. Illustrated with 6 plates. 
Ohio State Agricultural Reports. 1863. 

13. Chronic Diarrhoea and its Complications, or the diseases arising in Armies from a too exclus- 

ive use of Amylaceous Food, with interesting matter relating to tha Diet and Treatn ent of 
these abnormal conditions, and a new Army Ration proposed with which this large class 
of diseases may be avoided. The Ohio Surgeon General's Report for 1864. 

14. Something about Cryptogams, Fermentation and Disease. St. Louis Medical Reporter. 

February, 1869. 

15. Probable Source of the Steatorzoon folliculorum. St. Louis Med. Reporter. January, 1869. 

16. Investigations, Chemical and Microscopical, resulting in what appears to be the Discovery of 

a New Function of the Spleen and Mesenteric and Lymphatic Glands. Do., Aug., 1867. 29. 
pages. 

17. Defective Alimentation a Primary Cause of Disease. Do. March and April 1 & 15, 1868. 70 

pages and two plates of illustrations. 

18. On the Cause of Intermittent and Remittent Fevers, with Investigations which tend to prove 

that these affections are caused by certain species of Palmellas. Am. Jour. Med. Sciencs, 
1866. Also in Revue Scientifique. Nov., 1869. 

19. Some Experiments on Poisoning with the Vegetable Alkaloids. Am. Journal Medical Sci- 

ences. Oct., 1862. 28 pages. 

20. Discovery of Cholesterine and Seroline as secretions in health of the Salivary, Tear, Mammary, 

and Sudorific Glands; of the Testis and Ovary; of the Kidneys in Hepatic Derangements; of 
Mucous Membranes when congested and inflamed, and the fluids of Ascites and that of Spina 
Bifida. Do., April, 1863. 2 plates. 17 pages. 

21. Remarks on Fungi, with an account of Experiments showing the influence of the Fungi of 

Wheat and Rye Straw on the Human System, and some observations which point to them 
as the probable source of Camp Measles, and perhaps of Measles generally. Do., July, 1862. 
1 plate. 20 pages. 

22. Inoculating the Human System with Straw Fungi to protect it against the contagion of 

Measles, with some additional observations relating to the influence of Fungoid growths 
in producing disease, and in the Fermentation and Putrefaction of Organic Bodies! Do., 
October, 1862. 8 pages. 
23.'Parasitic Forms Developed in Parent Epithelial Cells of the Urinary and Genital Organs, 
and in the Secretions. "With 34 illustrations. Do., April, 1868. 

24. Remarks on the Structure, Functions and Classification of the Parent Gland Cells, with 

Microscopic Investigations relative to the causes of the several varieties of Rheumatism, 
and directions for their treatment. 1 plate of illustrations. Do,, Oct., 1867. 19 pages. 

25. Microscopic Researches relating to the Histology and Minute Anatomy of the Spleen and 

Lacteal and Lymphatic Glands, showing their ultimate structure and their organic ele- 
ments, of' their highly interesting and important functions, with some remarks on the 
cause of ropiness of Mucus and the tendency of all healthy and many diseased cells to 
be metamorphosed into filaments. 1 plate. 34 pages. Do., April, 1866. 

26. Description of two new Algoid Vegetations, one of which appears to be the specific cause of 

Syphilis, and the other of Gonorrhoea. With 16 illustrations. Do., 1867. Also Zeitschrift 
fur Parasitenkunde. 1873. 

27. Geological Report of the Mill Creek Canal Coal Field. With one map and 2 plates. Pub- 

lished in Cincinnati, 1859. 

28. Analysis, Organic and Inorganic, of the Cucumber. Cultivator, 1849. 

29. Experiments on the Capillary Attractions of the Soil, explaining some important and inter- 

esting principles and phenomenon in Agriculture and Geology. The American Polytechnic 
Journal. 1853. 

30. A New Carbonic Acid Apparatus. Do. 1853. 

31. Analysis of Dead Sea Water. 1854. 

32. Two interesting Parasitic Diseases; one we take from sucking Kittens and the other from, 

sucking Puppies, — Trichosis Felinus and T. Caninus. Boston Medical and Surgical Jour- 
nal, June 4th, 1868. Gillus. Also, Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, Hallier. Jena., 1875 

33. Pus. and Infection, Boston Journal of Chemistry. January, 1878. 



34. Microscopic Examinations of Blood and the Vegetations found in Variola, Vaccine and 

Typlioid Fever. 66 pages and 62 illustrations. Published by Moorbead, Bond & Co. : New 
York. 1868, 

35. Vegetations found in the Blood of Patients suffering from Erysipelas. Halliers Zeitschrift 

fur Parasiteiiknnde. 1873. 8 illustrations. 

36. Infusorial Catarrli and Astlinia. 18 illustrations. Do,, 1873. 

37. Analysis, Organic and Inorganic, of the White Sugar Beet. The Albany Cultivator. Oct., 1851. 

38. Analysis, Organic and Inorganic, of the Parsnip. N. Y. State Ag. Report. 1851. 

39. Ancient Rock and Eartli writing and inscriptions of the Mound-builders, with a description 

of their fortifications, enclosures, mounds and other earth and rock works. 49 plates lu 
the hands of the American Antiquarian Society, and only partially published in their trans- 
actions and in the Ohio Centennial Report. 1863. 

40. Influence of tlie position of the body upon the Heart's action. Am, Jour. Med. Scien. 1865. 

41. Material Application of Chemistry to Agriculture. Albany Cultivator. 1851. 

42. Analysis, Organic and Inorganic, of the several kinds of Grains and Vegetables. The Albany 

Cultivator. Aug., 1849. 



TTzxp-CLlolislied. "^TsT^orlsis SLncS. iE^a^pers. 



1. Diphtheria, its Cause and Treatment. 3 plates of illustrations. 1862. 

2. Asthnui, the various forms of, and their causes and treatment. 3 plates of illustrations. Ready 

for press since 1866, 

3. Consumption, its causes and treatment. 4 plates. Ready for press in 1867. 

4. Hog Cliolera, its Cause and Prevention. 1858. 

5. Ultimate Structure and Functions of the Liver. 1865 3 plates. 

6. Ultimate Structure and Functions of the Kidneys. 1864. 2 plates. 

7. Geological Report of the Coal Fields of Virginia and Kentucky. 1857. With maps and 

many illustrations. 

8. Histology of Phmts, Prize Essay. 65 illustrations. 1848. 

9. Causes and Treatment of •'Bright's Disease." 1865. 

10, Causes and Treatment of Diabetes, 1864. 

11, Causes and Treatment of Goitre, Cretinism, Ovarian Tumors, and other Colloid Diseases. 1863. 

12. Causes and Treatment of Progressive Locomotor Ataxy. 1867. 

13. Cause and Treatment of Fatty Diseases of the Heart, Liver and Spleen. 1864. 

14. Cause and Treatment of Paresis. 1865, 

15, One of the most Common Causes of Paralysis, with Treatment. 1867. 

16 Microscopic Examinations connected with Spermatozoa and Ova, with contents of pollen 
Grains and modes of development of Zoosporoid Cells, 1860, 

17. Cryptogamic Spores in the Tissues of the Living Animal, Their development in food one 

source of disease, and a cause of fermentation, gangrene or death and decay in organized 
bodies, 7 plates and 102 illustrations, 

18. iSIicroscopic Investigations connected with the Exudation and Expectoration of Angina mem~ 

branacae and Gangrenosa and Scarlatina Anginosa, resulting in the discovery of the true 
source of and the pathological process by which tlie exudations are produced; and the 
further discovery of a peculiar fungus belonging to the Genns Peronospora, developing 
in the sloughs and membranes, the spores of wliich are infectious and produce the dis- 
ease; also some general conclusions on the Etiology of Fevers, the peculiar functions of 
the Epithelial cell envelope, and the probable way in which the system receives a more 
or less permanent protecive immunity by one attack of certain contagious diseases against 
a second invasion of the same. 3 plates. 160 illustrations. 1862. 

19. Description of several new species of Ascaridae found on and in tlie human body, and a brief 

account of several new Entozoa. 2 plates and 30 figures. 1865. 

20. Investigations connnected with the Cause and Treatment of Paralysis of the Will, Paralysis 

of the Memory and Paralysis of the entire Intellectual and Moral Faculties, causing a 
peculiar luental states and Insanity. 



List of Writings Published by 



1. Free Mercury in Vulcanite. Dental Cosmos. March, 1870. 

2. The Discovery of Cells with Fibres in the Dentine at the Junction of the Enamel and Cemen- 

tum. American Journal of Dental Science. May, 1870 Illustrated. 

3. The Effects of Animalcules on the Teetli. Do. Nov., 1870. Do. 

4. Tlie Discovery of Nerve Fibres in the Soft Solids of the Dentine, Dental Cosmos. Jan., 1870, 

5. Bone Fibrous. American Journal Dental Science. Illustrated. June, 1871. 

6. Tlie Structure and Development of the Teeth, Dental Register. July, 1872, Illustrated. 

7. The Period when the Teeth Begin to Form. Do. August, 1872, 



8. 1^ the Dentine Tubular? Do. September, 1872. Illustrated. 

9. Tlie Dentine Cellular and Fibrous. Do. 1872. Illustrated 

10. What AVill Make Good Teetb? Do. Nov., 1872. 

11. AVhat Makes Teeth Decay? Do. 1874. 

12. Anaesthetics— Three Deaths from Chloroform and Ether. Do Deo., 1874. 

13. The Microscope in Analysis. New Bedford Mercury. January, 1872. 

14. Tlie Microscope. Dental Register. March, 1874. 

15. Anaesthetics. Do, January, 1875. 



IG. The Use of 1-75 Objective in Micro-Chemical Examinations of Blood Stains. 

17. Professional Success. 

18. The Fifth Pair of Nerves. 



Partial List of Published Papers and Works 

— OF— 

Dr. EPHRAIM CUTTER, July, 187S. 



1. Case of Thoracentesis. Boston Med. and Surg. Journal. 1857, 

2. Dr. N. R. Smith's Anterior Si)lint. Mass. Med. Society. Com. 1858. 

3. Report on the Zymoses of 1857 as they occurred in the Middlesex East District Medical So- 

ciety. Do.. 1858. 

4. Report on th^; VHiatrum Viride, in connection with Truman Rickard, M. D., and "W. Ingalls, 

M, D. American Journal Med. Sciences. Jan., 1858. 

5. Do., do., 1860. Second Report. 

6. Experiments with Animal Vaccination. B. M. and S. J. 1860. 

7. On Kerosolene as an Anaesthetic. Do. 1860. 

8. On the Laryngoscope and Rhinoscope. Do. Vol. LXIX., No. 20, page 389. 

9. Veratrum Viride. London Lancet, 1862, 

10. Veratrum Viride. Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Sciences. 1862. 

11. Veratrum Viride. London Medical Sciences and Gazette. 1862. 

12. Emploi Tlierapentique du Veratrum Viride. Gazette hebdomadire de Med. et de Chemique* 

Paris, 1862. Also in Pamphlet form 

13. Veratrum Viride, Rankins' Abstract. London, 1862. 

13. Practical Uses of the Laryngoscope and Rhinoscope in Diagnosis. B. M. and S. Journal. 
Several papers. 1866-7. 

15, Case of Aplionia cured by extirpation of a neoplasm on the vocal cords by laryngotomy. 

A. J. M. S, Oct,, 1866. Remains so. 1878. 

16, Apparatus for Bedridden Patients. Do, Jan., 1867. 

17, On the Apparatus for the Nebulization of Medicinal Substances, M. and S. Reporter. Phila. 

Vol. XV,, No, 3, page 60, Also Com, Connecticut Med. Society. 1866. 

18, On the Contemporaneous Investigation of Therapeutical Substances. 1?.M, andS,J. 1863. 

19, Case of Nephritic Calculus Complicating Labor, B. Jour, Chemistry. 1867. 

20, On the Attacliment of Sponge to Metallic Bougies, Do, 1868. 

21, Reports of the Midd. East District Med. Society. Several published. B. M, and S. J. 1857-G8 

22, On the Normal ConditioU of the Eustachian Tube, Do, Feb., 1867 

23, Veratrum Viride as a Tiierapeutical Agent. Pamphlet. Riverside Press, II. O. Houghton & 

Co. Cambridge. 1862. 

24, Modes of Administration of Systemic Anaesthetics. B. M. & S. Jour. Vol. LXXVI. p. 117. 

25, Contribution to the Treatment of Retroversion of the Uterus, Do, Nov, 26, 1868. 

26, On the Feasibility of Public Baths in Woburn. Middlesex Co. Jour. April 4, 18G8. 

27, How to Vaccinate with the Crust from Kine. B. Jour. Chemistry. Sept., 1868. 
28- Carbolic Acid. Do. Oct., 1868. 

29. Book Notice of Dr. Salisbury's Microscopic Examinations of the Blood. Do. Do. 

30. Vaccine Virus from Kine. Do. Nov., 1868. 

31. Cotfee as a Deodorizer. Do. 

22. About the Laryngoscope. Do. Do. Feb., 1869. , 

33. Benzoated Oxide of Zinc Ointment. Do. 

34. A New Clinical ]\Iicroscope. Do. April, 1869. 

35. Extra Laryngenl Operation for the Removal of Growths upon the Vocal Cords. B. M. and S. 

J. Feb. 18, 1869. 
36 & 37. Observations on the Illuminations in Laryngoscopy. B.J. C. June and July, 1869. 

38. Another Parasite in the Pig, Do. Aug., 1869. 

39. A New Metallic Suture. Do. Do. 

40. Urethral Calculus. B. M. and S J. Oct. 7, 1870. 

41. Nasopharyngeal Polypus removed through the mouth by a modified ecrazeur. Illustrated. 

B. M. and S Journal. Nov. 24, 1870. 

42. Contribution to the Treatment of Hemicrania and Frontal Headache. B. J. C. Do., 1870. 

43. Vaginometry. Gynecological Journal of Boston. Nov., 1871. Page 174. 

46, Contribution to the Treatment of the Versions and Flexions of the Unimpregnated Uterus. 
Do. 1871. Published in Pamphlet form 1872. 



47. Do. Second Edition. Book form. J. Campbell & Son. 1876. 

48. Tliyrotoiny Modified. Pamphlet. Do. 1872. 

49. Pliosplionis in Sleeplessness. B. J. C. April, 1872. 

50. Odious Odors not always Noxious. Woburn Advertiser. 1871. 

51. Water Question, Do. Do. 

52. Observation on Eustachian Tubes with a new Catheter. A.J. M. S. April, 1872. 

53. Partial Report on tlie Production of Vaccine Virus in the United States, Trans. Am. Med. 

Asso. Do, in Pamphlet form. 
54 & 55. The Physics of Cantation and Phonation. B. J. C. Jan. and Feb., 1873. 

56. Case illustrating- the use of the Laryngoscope. B. M. and S. Jour. Nov, 27, 1873. 

57. Tlie Piriform Fossae. Do. Do. 

58. Com.totlie Water Commissioner of "Woburn in relation to the action of Lead upon Horn 

Pond Water. Middlesex Co. Journal. July 6, 1873, 

59. Report of Section Materia Medica Meeting. Aui. Med. Asso. Philadelphia. 1872. 

60. Do. Do, St. Louis. 1873. 

61. Glycerined Sponge. Boston Jour. Chemistry. Do. 1873. 

62. Indian Meal as a vehicle for heat. Do. Jan., 1874. 

63. Treatment of Sore Nipples by perforated corl< shields. N. T. Med. Record. Ai)., 1874, p, 180. 

64. Does the use of Flour promote the Decay of Teetli ? Dec, 1874. B. J C. 

65. Letter to the Middlesex East; District Medical Society. B. M. and S. J. Dec, 1S74. 

66. A new Hypodermic Syringe. B. J. C. 1873. 

67. Does the use of Flour promote Affections of the Nervous System? Do. Feb., 1875. 

68. Caso of Cancer of Pancreas diagnosed before death and treated with a modifie<l transfusion 

of Blood. Atlanta Med. Journal. Jan., 1874. 

69. Asthenic Disease and Flour. B. J. C, April, 1874. 

70. Report on Russell Brook, Woburn, Mass. State Board of Health. 1875. 

71. On Flour and Decayed Teeth, Do. 

72. Treatment of Carbuncle by Subcutaneous Incision. B, J. C. Aug., 1875. 

73. Treatment of Consumption by Animal Food. Do. Jan., 1876, 

74. NascentChlorideof Ammonium in Bronchitis and Tvphoid Pneumonia. B. J. C. Feb., 1874. 

75. New Battery and Electrodes for Electrolysis of Uterine Fibroids. B. M.and S.J, Feb., 1876. 

76. Candy. B.J. C. April, 1876, 

77. Amoeboid Movements of tlie White Blood Corpuscle, Do, Jan., 1876. 

78. Necrosis and Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. B. M. S. J. Aug., 1876, 

79. Cases of Electrolysis of Ovarian Tumors. New York Med. Jour, Aug., 1877. 

80. Resuscitating the Drowned. Wob. Jour Sept., 1877. Illustrated with apparatus. 

81. Pear Blight, Congregationalist. Sept., 1877, 

82. A new Resting and Invalid Chair. Cliicago Med. Jour, and Ex, Sept., 1877. 

83. Contribution to Laryngology. Two cases of diseased Arytenoid Cartilages. Do. Nov., 1877. 

84. A new Stem Pessary with a"^nioveable disc. Do. Jan., 1878, 

85. Ovarian Tumor cured by the large Cutter Battery. Do. Marcb, 1878. 

86. Food as a Medicine in Uterine Fibroids. Am. Jour, of Obstetrics, N, Y. Oct, ,-1877. 

87. Food as a Medicine in Aglaxia. Do. April, 1878. Al«o Pamphlet. 

88. Js Flour onr Proper Food? Trans. N. H. State Med. Society, 1875. 

89. Rural Micrography. Congregationalist. Feb. 13, 1878. 

90. Do. Do. Wheat. Do. March 27, 1878, 

91. Prelude to a Lecture given in connection with the Rev, Joseph Cook, at Tremont Temple, 

Boston, April 15, 1878. Boston Daily Advertiser. April 17, 1878, 

92. Life in Fresh Pond Water. Cambridge Tribune, April, 1878 

93. Digest of 60 cases of Galvanism and Uterine Fibroids. A.J. M.S. July, 1878. 

94. Description of a Tiew Cell for Vaccine Virus. 1872. Page 4. Folio. 

95. Ill Memoriam. Dr. G. O. Dalton. Wob. Journal. June, 1878. 

96. Results of 44 cases of Uterine Fibroids treated by Galvanism, 1876. 

97. Microphotograplis of Mammalian and Consumptive Blood taken with the 1-5, 1-10, 1-lC, 1-50, 

1-75 inch objectives, by E. Cutter and Dr. Cr. B, Harriman, Exhibited at the Cenlennial. 



TTiNr:r=»Tr:BLiB:E3:EXD. 

1. Inaugural Essay on Endosmosis. 1856. 

2. Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Laryngoscopy and Rhinoscopy. ISG5. Book, 
3 Use of the Microscope. 1874. Book. 

4. Under what circitmstances do the usnnl signs furnished by Auscultation and Percussion 

prove fallacious? Book. Boy 1 sto n Friae .Essay. 1857. 

5. Contributions to Electrology, 1878, 

6. Rhizopodal Catarrh. 1878. 

7. Lecture on the Morphology of the Blood in Syphilis. Am, Med. Asso,, Buffalo. 1878, 

8. An Illustrated Essay upon a new Physical Sign of the I'retnbercular State. 1877. 

9. On the Morphology of Consumptive Blood. 1877. 

10. On the Salisbury Treatmentof Consumption. 187&. 

11. Salisbury's new Function of the Spleen. 1878. 

12. Apparatuses for Rarefied and Condensed Air. 1877. 

13. Food as an Esthetic, Kinetic, Chemic and Pathologic. 1878. 

14. Primer of Micrology, in connection with Prof, Reinsch. 1878. 

15. Sequel to three cases of Ovarian Electrolysis. 1878. 

16. Lectures on Hereditary Taints ill Blood. Tremont Temple. 1878, 

17. Food as a Medicine in "Typhoid Fever and in Laryngeal Growth. Middlesex South Med. So- 

ciety. Mav, 1877. 

18. Root-footed Animals, Rhizopods, 1878. 

19. Caseof Club-foot, Cured. 1866. 

20. Ful Report of 50 cases of Uterine Fibroids. 1877. 

21. 5l3t, 52d, 53d and 54th cases of Galvanism applied to Uterine Fibroids. 



Prof. PAULUS PSIEimiOH EEINSCH. 

Scientifio ISotany, 

New Contriljutions to tlie Morphology, Anatomy and Systematic Botany. 

1. On the structure and development of the ppores of Bartraraia pomiformis. Flora. 1S60. 1 plate. 

2. Ou the process of incrassation of the ciliated ppiiies of Draba aizoidt s. 

8. On the structure and development of tlie spores and elateren of the Jun^ermaTini^e. 

4. On the structure and development of the Sporocarpium of Funaria hygrometrica and Bryum 

caespiiicium Morphological and Anatomical Fragments. Linnsea. 1859. 1 plate. 

5. On ilie propagation of the cells of Tetraspora lubrica. 

6. On dichocarpic Sporangia of Bryum. 

7. On the propagation of Bryum through axillarbuds. 

8. On tlie development of sexless cells of propagation of the Jungermannise. 

9. On the structure of the Chlorophylle of the Desmids. 

10. Abnormal individuals of Desmids. Morphological and Physiological Fragments. I. Bulletin 

de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes. Moscow, 1859 2 plates. 

11. Transformation of separated alternating Whirls in continuous spiral curves, with mathemat- 

ical foundation of this phenomenon. 

12. Three cotyledons observed in Fagus sylvatica. 

13. On the morphologic il transformation of male flowers of Salix cinerea into female flowers. 
14- Abnormal structure of the stem of Cirsium lanceolatum. 

15. On the series of buds of Draba aizoides, 

16. Morphological Connecrioa between the three difierent leaves of the Sagittaria sagittjefol;a 

Morphological Contributions. Flora. 1859. 1 plate. 

17. On the hybrid forms of the G-pnus Cirsium. Bonplandia. 1859. 

18. On the development of the leaves and utriculi of Utricularia vulgaris, and the detprmination 

of the mechanical effect of the utriculi. (Denkschriften der bayer, botan, Q-esellschaft. 1859. 
1 plate.) 

19. The flora of Cryptogams of the Jurassic formation of Basle and the adjacent parts of the Jura 

of Berne. (Verhandlungen der Naturforsch, Gesellsehatt in Basel. 1862 ) 

20. On rotating and circulating motion of the protoplasm ii vegetable cells. 

21. On the spinous spheres in the protoplasm of Nitella flexilis. 

22. On the motion of protoplasm in Closterium. (Morphological and Physiolog. Fragments. 

Continuation. Bulletin de la Soc. Imp. des Natural. Moscow. 1861. 1 pla^e.) 

23. New ob-^ervations of the transformation of separated whirls in Coherent Spirales. Flora. 

1861. 1 plate. 

24. Structure and development of Rhaphids. (Verhandl der Jahresversamml der Schweizer 

Naturf. Luzprn. 1862 ) 

25. Preparation and Conservation of Fungi. (Verhandl der Jahresversamml deutscher Natur- 

forscher Leipzig. 1872. 

26. Fioraof Algse ofFranconia, Nurnberg. 1867.8". 13 plates. Description and delineation of 

51 new species and genera. 

27. De Speciebus et Generibus nonullis novi^ ex Algarum et Fun.Rfornm classe. (Abhandl der 

Senkenberg<?chen Naturf. Gf'sellsch. Frankfort, Am. 1866. 8 plates. 

28. Algse aquae dulcis, quje sunt collects in insula kerguelensi in itinere britanica Yenen's tran- 

sitionis. 1874-75. Journal of Botany Linnean Society. London. 1876. Extract of a not 
yet published work. 
28a. Contributiones ad Algologiam et Fungologiam. Lip«iae. 1874r-75. 4°. 131 plates. Descrip- 
tion and delineation of 191 new species and genera of Fungi and Algas. 

29. Observations on new Saprolegnije, on the parasitic cells in cells of Desmids and on the As- 

tprosphere=! in tubes of the Achlya. (Jahrbiicher fiir Wissenschaftl. Botanik. 1876. Vol. 
XI. 4 plates. 

30. 45 contributions to the "Alg« of Europe," published by Dr. Rabenhorst. Dresden. 1862-1866. 

I*liytocliemist:ry, I*alaeoTitology5 A.rcla.seology. 

31. Thp chemical relations between the inorganical constituents of Viscum album and their nu- 

tritive plant (Pinus silvestris). Bulletin de la Societe Imper. de Moscow. 1860. Jahresber 
d. Chemie von Liebig & Wohler. 1860. 

32. On the chemical constituents of Viscum album. Jahrbuch fur Pharmacie. 1860. Jahresber 

der Chemie von Liebig & Wohler. 1860. Discovery of Caoutchouc therein. 
Sj. Chemical and morphological examination of petrified wood in the liasic strata of Franconia, 
Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie and Geologie von Bronn. 1859. 

34. Ch«^mical examination of the strata of the Franconian Jurassic and Liasic formation. Jahrb. 

fur Mineralosrie and-Geologie von Bronn. 1859. Jahresbericht der Chemie Liebig, 1859, 

35. Discovery of Foraminiferae and Radiolariae in the strata of the Franconian liasic formation. 

(Jahrbuch far Mineralogie and Geologie von Bronn. 1877. The complete work not pub ) 

36. Tables of Nitur^il History. Munchen. Braun & Schneider. 1858. Published in connection 

with Dr. H. Reinsch. Folio. 

37. The Microscope : its history, use and influence on Natural Sciences. Nurnberg. 1867. S". 

With 8 plates 

33. The Meteoric Stones: the present state of our knowledge on the chemical and mineralogical 

constitution on their origin and relation to other celestial bodies, Jahresbericht der 
Realschule Zweibrucken. 1870. 4°. 

39. The Atomistic Theory, popularly explained, with the physical laws upon which this theory 

is founded. Jahesber. der Rpalschule Zweibrucken 1871. 

40. On the microscopic structure of the Hailstones, New, Poggendorfs Annalen der Chemie und 

Physic. 1869. 1 plate. 

41. The ArcliEedlogical Objects, belonging to the bronze Pf:<=. found in tumuli arid tombs nf 

the aborigines of Franconia. (Jahreebericht des Histori.-cheu Vereines vou Mittelfranken. 
*« 1859. 4 plates.) 



Published and Unpublished Works and Papers of R. TJ. 
Piper, M. D., Chicago. 

1. Operative Surgery, with 1900 illustrations etched on stone, by the Author. 

Boston, 1852. 

2. Plates of McClisel's Surgical Anatomy, etched on copper, by Dr. Piper, 

36 phites, with descriptions. Boston, 1847. 
8. Trees of America, with 12 original etchings on steel, (unfinished), Boston, 
1855. 

4. Papers on Agriculture, Arboriculture, Etc., published in New York 

Evening Post, 1865. 

5. Things to be Seen by the Sea, illustrated. 10 plates. Nahant, 1862. 

6. Papers in American Law Register. Microscopical examinations of blood 

stains in Criminal Trials, with illustrations. Vol. 15, 1876; vol. 16, 1877: 
vol. 17. 1878. 

7. Papers in Chicago Legal News. Use of the Microscope in Medico-Legal 

cases, with illustrations. Dec. 1877, Jan. 1878, Feb. 1878. 

8. Review of Scientific Testimony in the Richardson Murder Case. Can- 

ton, Ohio. 187o. 

9. Contraction of Blood Corpuscles through the Action of Cold. New 

York Medical Journal, original illustrations. March, J?^77. 

10. Report on the Lake Water as Supplied to the City of Chicago. Origi- 

nal lilusLraiions. July, 1877. 

11. Report on Milk and the Flesh, of Animals used for Human Food. 13 

Original iliuitrations. Chicago, 1879. 

12. Paper on Hog Cholera. Chicago Times, Sept., 1878. 

13. Falsifications and Alterations of Legal Documents and Papers.— 

Illustrated, 1879 

14. Paper on the Adulteration of Food, Paints, i&c., with eight original 

microscopic plates, 1877. 

15. Five Papers on Arsenic Green. 1877. 

16. Methods of Analyzing WMte Lead, Prussian Blue, Vermillion, &c. 1875. 

17. Paper on Bright's Disease in Man and Swill-fed Cattle. Two original 

plates, 1879. Paper with two original engr>avings on the Pictorial Art in 
illustrating microscopic observations, with two original drawings. Chi- 
cago Medical Journal, March 1877. 

18. Treatise on Paints, Oils, and Painting. Chicago. 1874. 

UNPUBLISHED. 

19. Lecture on the use of the Microscope in Legal Investigations, before the 

College of Law. Chicago, 1879. 

20. Lecture on the Life and Writings of "Wm. CuUen Bryant. 1879. 

21. Work on the Natural History of Nahant. Forty original etchings, 1863 

22. Paper on the Sucking Appar'Btus of the House-Fly. 1878. 

S3. Paper on Experiments with the Poison of the Rattle-Snake. 1878, 

24. Paper on the Disease of the Kidneys in Swill-fed Cattle. 1878. 

25. Microscopical Examinations of Vegetable Poisons. Twenty origins 

plates. 1879. 

26. Lecture on Alcoholic Drinks, delivered at the Washingtonian Home, with 

forty original magic lantern slides, 1878. 

27. The Microscope. Paper read before the Illinois State Microscopical Societj 

28. Revelations of the Microscope. Lecture delivered before the Young Mens 

Christian Association. Chicago. 

29. Lecture on the use of the Microscope, delivered before the Chicago Society 

Physicians and Surgeons. 

30. Blood Stains. Lecture delivered before the College of Law. 187^). 

31. Lecture on Blood, delivered before the West Chicago Medical Society. 187? 

PUBLISHED IN 1879. 

32. Three Papers on Oleomargtarine. With Illustrations. 

33. Two Papers on Impure Water. Its connection with Typhoid Fever, 

Cholera, Dysentery, etc. 



Boston Optical Works, 

R B. TOLLES, Proprietor. 



CHAHLBS STODDEH, 

SELLINU ASENT, l"Tlie E.ialto'1 131 DEVONSHIRE ST. 



ToLLES Clinical Microscope . . . . $25 

ToLLES Students' Microscope Stands, from 28 to 75 

ToLLES C Microscope Stands (Patented) . . 160 

ToLLES B Microscope Stands . . . . 225 

EYEPIECES AND OBJECTIVES, 

At Price List, as selected by the purchasers. 

One incli Objectives, from f 6 to $30 

Four inch " " 12 to 35 

Two inch " " 8 to 20 

Half inch " " 12 to 35 

Quarter inch and One-fifth inch Objectives, from . . . 12 to 70 

One-eighth inch Objectives, from 20 to 80 

One-tenth inch " " . . . . . . 30 to 85 

One-twentieth inch " " 80 to 150 

A 

:)ill accessory :^pparaius, Chemicals, and Mounling 

Materials 

m STOCK OR MADE TO ORDER. 

:F*rice Xjist se3:it for IS Oents in. DPosta-gfe Sta^i^-ps. 



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